LOOKING to buy stocks but you are not sure how to select them? Don't fret. We have, here, eight ratios that would make your life easier, and of course, enable you to make the best possible stock selection.
1. Ploughback or Reserves
Every year, the company divides its net profit (profits in hand after subtracting various expenses including taxes) in two portions: ploughback and dividends.
While dividends are handed out to the shareholders, ploughback is kept by the company for its future use and is included in its reserves. Ploughback is essential because, besides boosting the company’s reserves, it is a source of funds for the company’s expansion plans. Hence, if you are looking for a company with good growth prospects, check its ploughback figures. Reserves are also known as shareholders’ funds, since they belong to the shareholders. If a company’s reserves are twice its equity capital, the company can reward its shareholders with a generous bonus. Also any increase in reserves will push the share price of your share.
2. Book value per share
This ratio shows the worth of each share of a company as per the company's accounting books. It is calculated as:
Shareholders' funds
------------------------------------------------ = Book Value per share
Total quantity of equity shares issued
Shareholders' funds can be computed as such:
Total assets (equity capital to the company's reserves) less total liabilities (money owed to creditors).
Book value is an old record that uses the original purchase prices of the assets.
However, it doesn't show the present market price of the company’s assets. As a result, this ratio has a restricted use when it comes to estimating the market price of the shares, but can give you an estimate of the minimum price of the company’s shares. It will also help you judge if the share price is overpriced or under-priced.
3. Earnings per share (EPS)
One of the most popular investment ratios, it can be computed as:
Profit Post Tax
------------------------------------------------ = EPS
Total quantity of equity shares issued
This ratio computes the company's earnings on a per share basis. Say, you own 100 shares of ABC Co., each having a face value of Rs 10. Assume the earnings per share is Rs 10 and the dividend declared is 30 per cent, or Rs 3 per share. This implies that on every share of ABC Co., you earn Rs 6 each year, but you actually get Rs 3 via dividend. The balance of Rs 4 per share goes into the ploughback (retained earnings). Had you purchased these shares at par, it implies a return of 60 per cent.
This example shows that instead of looking at the dividends received from to company as the base of investment returns, always look at earnings per share, as it is the actual indicator of the returns earned by your shares.
4. Price Earnings Ratio (P/E)
This ratio highlights the connection between the market price of a share and its EPS.
Price of the share
------------------------ = P/E
Earnings per share
It shows the degree to which earnings of a share are protected by its price. Say, the P/E is 40, it means the share price is 40 times its earnings. So if the company's EPS is constant, it will need about 40 years to make up for the purchase price of the share, after taking into account the dividends and the capital appreciation. Hence, low P/E means you will recover your money quickly.
P/E ratio shows what the market thinks about the earnings potential and future business forecast of a company. Companies with high P/E ratios are the darlings of the investors and thus enjoy a higher market rating. In order to use the P/E ratio properly, take into account the future earnings and growth projections of the company. If the current P/E ratio is low, as against the future prospects of a company, then the shares make an attractive investment option. But if the company is saddled with losses and falling sales, stay away from it, despite the low P/E ratio.
5. Dividend and yield
Dividend is the portion of the profit that is distributed amongst shareholders. Companies offering high dividends, normally don’t have much of growth to talk about. This is because the ploughback required to finance future development is insufficient. Similarly, those companies in high growth sector don’t give any dividend. Instead here they give sharp capital appreciation, which ultimately will lead to higher dividends.
So it makes much more sense to invest for capital appreciation instead of dividends. Rather it makes more sense to invest for yield, which is nothing but the association between the dividends and the market price of the shares. Yield (dividend yield) can be calculated as:
Dividend per share
----------------------------- x 100 = Yield
Market price of a share
Yield shows the returns in percentage that you can expect via dividends earned by your investment at the current market price. It is more useful than simply focusing on the dividends.
6. Return of capital employed (ROCE)
ROCE is the ratio that is calculated as:
Operating profit
----------------------------------------
Capital employed (net value + debt)
To get operating profit, add old taxes paid, depreciation, special one-off expenses, and special one-off income and miscellaneous income to get the net profit. The operating profit is a far better indicator of the profits earned by the company instead of the net profit. Hence this ratio is the better indicator of the general performance of the company and the company’s operational efficiency. It is one of the most useful ratio that lets you compare amongst the companies.
7. Return on net worth (RONW)
RONW is calculated as
Net Profit
-----------------
Net Worth
This ratio gives you an idea of the returns generated by investing in the company. While ROCE is an effective measure to get a general overview of the profitability of the company’s business operations, RONW lets you gauge the returns you can earn on your investment. When used along with ROCE, you get an overview of the company’s competence, financial standing and its capacity to generate returns on shareholders’ finances and capital employed.
8. PEG ratio
PEG is an essential and extensively used ratio for calculating the inbuilt worth of a share. It helps you decide whether the share is under-priced, totally priced or overpriced. To derive the ratio, you have to associate the P/E ratio with the expected growth rate of the company. It assumes that higher the growth rate of the company, higher the P/E ratio of the company’s shares. Vice versa also holds true.
P/E
----------------------------------
Expected growth rate of the EPS of the company
In general, a PEG lesser than 0.5 is a lucrative investment opportunity. However if the PEG exceeds 1.5, it is time to sell.
These are some of the most critical ratios that must be considered when purchasing a share. Extensive reading of the financial performance of the company in newspapers and magazines will help you get all the relevant information to arrive at the correct decision.
the best blog to describe indian market and equity
1.11.09
11.8.09
26 mutual funds waiting in the wings
Mumbai, Aug. 10 As many as 26 applications for setting up mutual funds arepending with the Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI) at various stages of approval. There are already 36 fund houses actively soliciting investments for over 2,000 schemes.
Room for more
Though retail investors have trouble selecting an MF scheme from among the thousands on offer, industry observers feel that there is headroom for many more to set up shop.
“In India, MF penetration is very low and the coverage in terms of the savings invested in mutual funds is also negligible,” said Mr A.P. Kurian, Chairman, Association of Mutual Funds in India.
With the top five MFs accounting for over 50 per cent of the total asset base, there is scope for more funds, said Mr Dhirendra Kumar, CEO of Value Research. The mutual fund industry manages an asset base of Rs 6,89,946 crore as on July end.
Those awaiting SEBI approval include IndiaBulls, India Infoline, Schroder Investment Management, Axis Bank, Sanlam Investment Management, ASK Investment Holdings Pvte Ltd, Karvy Stock Broking Ltd, Mahindra & Mahindra Financial Services, Union Bank a-KBC Asset Management and IDBI Bank.
Consolidation
With many more players foraying into the mutual fund space, some industry officials see scope for consolidation.
Some would even be coming in with a possible eye on for acquiring existing businesses, said Mr Kurian.
There might be consolidation in the future, with some marginal players wanting to exit and new and existing players taking over those businesses, said Mr Saurabh Nanavati, CEO of Religare Mutual Fund.
Room for more
Though retail investors have trouble selecting an MF scheme from among the thousands on offer, industry observers feel that there is headroom for many more to set up shop.
“In India, MF penetration is very low and the coverage in terms of the savings invested in mutual funds is also negligible,” said Mr A.P. Kurian, Chairman, Association of Mutual Funds in India.
With the top five MFs accounting for over 50 per cent of the total asset base, there is scope for more funds, said Mr Dhirendra Kumar, CEO of Value Research. The mutual fund industry manages an asset base of Rs 6,89,946 crore as on July end.
Those awaiting SEBI approval include IndiaBulls, India Infoline, Schroder Investment Management, Axis Bank, Sanlam Investment Management, ASK Investment Holdings Pvte Ltd, Karvy Stock Broking Ltd, Mahindra & Mahindra Financial Services, Union Bank a-KBC Asset Management and IDBI Bank.
Consolidation
With many more players foraying into the mutual fund space, some industry officials see scope for consolidation.
Some would even be coming in with a possible eye on for acquiring existing businesses, said Mr Kurian.
There might be consolidation in the future, with some marginal players wanting to exit and new and existing players taking over those businesses, said Mr Saurabh Nanavati, CEO of Religare Mutual Fund.
10.8.09
IPO: Offer price is not the only deciding factor
IT is said that Initial Public Offerings, popularly known as IPOs, can be a safe stepping stone for the first timers, who are entering the equity market. IPOs are supposed to be cheap and provide good upside potential to investors
if they hang around long enough.
For first time investors or those lacking enough experience, the trickiest part is to assess the fair value of the shares on offer in an IPO. This is important as it determines whether you should subscribe to the offer or instead bet your money on a related company already listed on the stock exchanges. But it is easier said than done. Most often prospective investors either get seduced or intimidated by the offer price.
This should not happen in an ideal world. After all an offer price or market price of a share is nothing but a company’s expected or total market value divided by the number of shares. This means that two companies with similar market value may trade at different prices simply due to difference in the number of shares
available for trading. But most of the new investors fail to determine this link between the market value and the share price.
This was clearly visible in the recent IPOs of the power sector companies. The investors have been baffled by the sheer variance in offer price of IPOs and the market price of their listed peers. For instance Adani Power was offered to the investors at Rs 100 per share. In comparison, Tata Power, which in the same line of business (i.e in thermal power) and of similar size (in terms of capacity), is right now trading in the range of Rs 1,200 per share.
On the other side of the spectrum is NHPC, which is being offered to the investors in the price band of Rs 30-36 per share. In comparison, another public sector power utility NTPC is trading at around Rs 210 per share. To a trained eye, there’s nothing unusual in the variation in the market price of various companies in a sector.
But for a retail investor, market price is the most visible and appealing information about the real worth of a company or business that is taken easily without much pondering.
Most retail investors and especially the first time investors in IPOs associate the offer price with the relative cheapness of the stock. To them, NHPC is so much cheaper than NTPC, while Adani Power IPO is a steal compared to Tata Power. They don’t care about the fact that at its lower price band NHPC is asking for around 30 times its earning per share (EPS) in FY09 while NTPC is available at a P/E multiple of just 20.
This brings us to the crux of the issue. How should retail investors with limited resources and experience assess the fair value of an IPO and compare it to related companies already listed on the bourses?
The starting point is to get hold of the company’s red herring prospectus (RHP), which contains all the relevant financial and operational details of the company . RHP as it’s called is freely available on SEBI’s website or the company’s portal.
The first item to look for in the RHP is the face value of the share. Next thing the investor should look for is the company’s capital structure represented by subscribed paid-up capital divided into certain number of shares. These two variables will help us to calculate the total number of shares that will be available for trade. This is important, as it is one of the key determinants of its offer price.
The other factor is earning per share, i.e., total profit divided by the total number of shares. Just to illustrate consider Adani Power IPO. Post IPO, Adani Power’s paid-up equity capital is around Rs 2,180 crore divided into 218 crore shares with face value of Rs 10 each. Now compare it to Tata Power’s capital structure.
At the end of June ’09 quarter, Tata Power’s paid-up equity capital is around Rs 222 crore represented by 22.2 crore equity shares with face value of Rs 10 each. Simply put, Adani Power has nearly ten times more equity shares than Tata Power. This means that for the same market value, Adani Power’s share price will be one-tenth that of Tata Power’s share price.
For instance at Rs 100 per share, Adani Power’s total market capitalisation will be Rs 21,800 crore (Rs 100 multiplied by 218 crore shares). If Tata Power gets the same market capitalisation, its share price would work out to be Rs 982 (Rs 21,800 crore divided by 22.2 crore shares).
But what determines company’s market valuation or market capitalisation? At the most simplest level, market cap is directly depended on company’s earnings or profitability in the preceding 12 months. Higher the net profit, higher will be its market value. Total net profit divided by the number of shares gives us earning per share. Now consider the case of NHPC and compare it to National Thermal Power Corporation (NTPC).
During the year ended March 2009, NHPC earned a net profit of Rs 1244 crore, which translates into a earning per share of Rs 1.01 per share (Rs 1244/1230). Post IPO NHPC paid-up equity capital will rise to Rs 12,300 crore represented by 1,230 crore shares with face value of Rs 10 each. In comparison, NTPC earned a net profit of Rs 8,201 crore during FY09, which works out to be Rs 9.95 per share.
Now divide NHPC offer price with its EPS and its gives you price to earning multiple, commonly known as P/E multiple. In case of NHPC, it works out to be 30 at the lower price band and 36 at the upper price band. In contrast NTPC is trading
at around 21 times its EPS in FY09. Obviously, latter is cheaper than the former.
If we set aside other complex issues involved in valuations such as quality of management, earnings quality and growth prospects, a company with lower P/E is preferable. And in the end, it is always preferable to invest in a company whose business is up & running, rather than a company, which promises to use the proceeds to set-up a business that will generate profits and cash flows in future. As they say, there is many a slip between the cup and the lip!
if they hang around long enough.
For first time investors or those lacking enough experience, the trickiest part is to assess the fair value of the shares on offer in an IPO. This is important as it determines whether you should subscribe to the offer or instead bet your money on a related company already listed on the stock exchanges. But it is easier said than done. Most often prospective investors either get seduced or intimidated by the offer price.
This should not happen in an ideal world. After all an offer price or market price of a share is nothing but a company’s expected or total market value divided by the number of shares. This means that two companies with similar market value may trade at different prices simply due to difference in the number of shares
available for trading. But most of the new investors fail to determine this link between the market value and the share price.
This was clearly visible in the recent IPOs of the power sector companies. The investors have been baffled by the sheer variance in offer price of IPOs and the market price of their listed peers. For instance Adani Power was offered to the investors at Rs 100 per share. In comparison, Tata Power, which in the same line of business (i.e in thermal power) and of similar size (in terms of capacity), is right now trading in the range of Rs 1,200 per share.
On the other side of the spectrum is NHPC, which is being offered to the investors in the price band of Rs 30-36 per share. In comparison, another public sector power utility NTPC is trading at around Rs 210 per share. To a trained eye, there’s nothing unusual in the variation in the market price of various companies in a sector.
But for a retail investor, market price is the most visible and appealing information about the real worth of a company or business that is taken easily without much pondering.
Most retail investors and especially the first time investors in IPOs associate the offer price with the relative cheapness of the stock. To them, NHPC is so much cheaper than NTPC, while Adani Power IPO is a steal compared to Tata Power. They don’t care about the fact that at its lower price band NHPC is asking for around 30 times its earning per share (EPS) in FY09 while NTPC is available at a P/E multiple of just 20.
This brings us to the crux of the issue. How should retail investors with limited resources and experience assess the fair value of an IPO and compare it to related companies already listed on the bourses?
The starting point is to get hold of the company’s red herring prospectus (RHP), which contains all the relevant financial and operational details of the company . RHP as it’s called is freely available on SEBI’s website or the company’s portal.
The first item to look for in the RHP is the face value of the share. Next thing the investor should look for is the company’s capital structure represented by subscribed paid-up capital divided into certain number of shares. These two variables will help us to calculate the total number of shares that will be available for trade. This is important, as it is one of the key determinants of its offer price.
The other factor is earning per share, i.e., total profit divided by the total number of shares. Just to illustrate consider Adani Power IPO. Post IPO, Adani Power’s paid-up equity capital is around Rs 2,180 crore divided into 218 crore shares with face value of Rs 10 each. Now compare it to Tata Power’s capital structure.
At the end of June ’09 quarter, Tata Power’s paid-up equity capital is around Rs 222 crore represented by 22.2 crore equity shares with face value of Rs 10 each. Simply put, Adani Power has nearly ten times more equity shares than Tata Power. This means that for the same market value, Adani Power’s share price will be one-tenth that of Tata Power’s share price.
For instance at Rs 100 per share, Adani Power’s total market capitalisation will be Rs 21,800 crore (Rs 100 multiplied by 218 crore shares). If Tata Power gets the same market capitalisation, its share price would work out to be Rs 982 (Rs 21,800 crore divided by 22.2 crore shares).
But what determines company’s market valuation or market capitalisation? At the most simplest level, market cap is directly depended on company’s earnings or profitability in the preceding 12 months. Higher the net profit, higher will be its market value. Total net profit divided by the number of shares gives us earning per share. Now consider the case of NHPC and compare it to National Thermal Power Corporation (NTPC).
During the year ended March 2009, NHPC earned a net profit of Rs 1244 crore, which translates into a earning per share of Rs 1.01 per share (Rs 1244/1230). Post IPO NHPC paid-up equity capital will rise to Rs 12,300 crore represented by 1,230 crore shares with face value of Rs 10 each. In comparison, NTPC earned a net profit of Rs 8,201 crore during FY09, which works out to be Rs 9.95 per share.
Now divide NHPC offer price with its EPS and its gives you price to earning multiple, commonly known as P/E multiple. In case of NHPC, it works out to be 30 at the lower price band and 36 at the upper price band. In contrast NTPC is trading
at around 21 times its EPS in FY09. Obviously, latter is cheaper than the former.
If we set aside other complex issues involved in valuations such as quality of management, earnings quality and growth prospects, a company with lower P/E is preferable. And in the end, it is always preferable to invest in a company whose business is up & running, rather than a company, which promises to use the proceeds to set-up a business that will generate profits and cash flows in future. As they say, there is many a slip between the cup and the lip!
Subscribe to:
Posts (Atom)